Notional Agreement in Grammar Definition and Examples

In English grammar, notional agreement refers to  agreement (or concord) of verbs with their subjects and of pronouns with their antecedent nouns on the basis of meaning rather than grammatical form. Also known as synesis. (Other terms for notional agreement include  notional concord, semantic agreement, agreement ad sensum, logical agreement, and constructio ad sensum.) Some common cases of notional agreement involve (1) collective nouns (for example, family); (2) plural expressions of quantity (five years); (3) plural proper nouns (United States); and (4) some compound units with and (bed and breakfast). For a discussion of agreement with collective nouns (in American English and in British English), see American English. Examples and Observations I know that our Government are letting our troops down, big time.(Jacqui Janes to Prime Minister Gordon Brown, quoted by Philip Webster, Emotional Gordon Brown on Defensive. The Times [UK], Nov. 10, 2009)Correctly, we suspect that the system is rigged, our government has  become coin-operated and that  weve been sidelined.(Wendell Potter and Nick Penniman, Nation on the Take.  Bloomsbury Press [US], 2016)None of them were in court to hear the judges uphold their appeal.(Steven Erlanger, Terror Convictions Overturned in France. The New York Times, Feb. 24, 2009)Eric Idle, Michael Palin and Terry Jones gave evidence in court while the other two surviving members, Gilliam and John Cleese, gave written evidence. None of them was in court to hear the ruling.(Haroon Siddique, Monty Python Film Producer Wins Royalties Case Against Comedy Team. The Guardian [UK], July 5, 2013)Over on Englands south coast, the surfers of Bournemouth are just as keen as those in Cornwall, but suffer one big disadvantage: the coast gets very poor-quality waves. But Bournemouth borough council were not prepared to let this prevent them from encouraging surfers, and their wallets, to visit.(Alf Alderson, Could the Perfect Wave for Surfing Be Artificial--and in Bournemouth? The Guardian [UK], Nov. 9, 2009)But everybody has their failing, you know; and everybody has a right to do what they like with their own money.(Isabella Thorpe in Northanger Abbey by Jane Austen, 1817) Notional Agreement With Certain Plural Nouns and Collective Nouns Formally plural nouns such as news, means, and politics have long taken singular verbs; so when a plural noun considered a single entity takes a singular verb, notional agreement is at work and no one objects [the United States is sending its ambassador]. When a singular noun is used as a collective noun and takes a plural verb or a plural pronoun, we also have notional agreement [the committee are meeting on Tuesday] [the group wants to publicize their views]. Indefinite pronouns are heavily influenced by notional agreement and tend to take singular verbs but plural pronouns [everyone is required to show their identification].  (Merriam-Websters Manual for Writers and Editors, rev. ed. Merriam-Webster, 1998) Notional Agreement With Fact Expressions Many cars on the roads means many traffic accidents. Behind the plural expression there appears to lie a singular concept which explains the selection of the -s form of the verb. Reference is made to a fact of circumstance, and the meaning of the plural subject expression can therefore be captured by the paraphrase The fact that there is/are X. Plural fact expressions are particularly common in sentences where the predicator is realized by mean (or related verbs like entail, imply, involve), but we find it in sentences with other verbs as well: High production costs prevents reasonable consumer prices. ​(Carl Bache, Essentials of Mastering English: A Concise Grammar. Walter de Gruyter, 2000) Notional Agreement With Plus When mathematical equations are pronounced as English sentences, the verb is usually in the singular: Two plus two is (or equals) four. By the same token, subjects containing two noun phrases joined by plus are usually construed as singular: The construction slowdown plus the bad weather has made for a weak market. This observation has led some to argue that in these sentences, plus functions as a preposition meaning in addition to. . . . It makes more sense to view plus in these uses as a conjunction that joins two subjects into a single entity requiring a single verb by notional agreement.(One Hundred Words Almost Everyone Confuses and Misuses. Houghton, 2004) Notional Agreement With Phrases Such As One in Six and One in 10 Phrases of this sort should be treated as plural. There are good grammatical and logical reasons for this. Compare more than one in six Japanese is 65 or older... with more than one in six Japanese are 65 or older.. Grammatically, we are talking not about the noun one but the noun phrase one in six, signifying a group of people. Logically, the phrase represents a proportion--just like 17% or one-sixth, both of which take plural verbs. Two out of every seven and three out of 10 take plurals too, functioning identically.(David Marsh and Amelia Hodsdon, Guardian Style, 3rd ed. Guardian Books, 2010)

Hip Hop Politics And Pace University - 1974 Words

Eric M. Goodman December 17th, 2014 POL-246: Hip Hop in Politics – Pace University Professor G. Martinez Hip Hop is often written not simply as music but rather as a political statement; a passing of advice from an experience man to novice children. The lyrics of rappers are written often for entertainment; but just as often they serve as guidance to their peoples’ youth. Over the years Hip Hops purpose, symbolism, and meaning have changed. The rap of this era possesses naà ¯ve optimism. The former impoverished and activists have become the innovators, the industrialist, and the great of a newly form industry. The notice of possibilities, the thought of opportunity spurred millions to action and instilled hope in their hearts and minds. Hip†¦show more content†¦The media paints a poor picture of Hip Hop, even after what is has evolved to and it does not show the advantages of a this new industry. The world of Hip Hop does not, as a whole, possess the same ideals of violence it once did; they now project wealth and ideals all the world over, and thus has a stronger impact on change then it ever did. Hip Hop is a global brand, no longer confined to single community or group of people. No longer does a man need to live and work in the ghetto to reap the benefits of Hip Hop’s guidance and advice. Hip Hop’s light shines brighter and farther today than ever before; it is a global force for the poor, and discriminated that yearn to breathe free all throughout the world. Instead of focusing on the evil pursuits of the minority sections of Hip Hop and damaging to the rest of the world; we should be praising modern Hip Hop, while also acknowledging its faults in a manner consistent with civil criticism of any another industry or group. As Hip Hop evolves, it changes its ways. Hip Hop isn’t destined by some ineluctable cycle of its past. Instead, Hip Hop’s future is a matter of will and willpower, in the sense of crucial choices to be made about their people, community and audience. Hip Hop has largely followed an organic path throughout its history, its artists presented with difficulties, and bending

Chpl 500 Free Essays

The Early History of The Chaplaincy Liberty University Theological Seminary A Writing assignment Presented to Dr. Steve Smith In partial fulfillment for the course Introduction to Chaplaincy ministry CHPL 500 By Watson Rugano (L223514216) May 17th, 2011 Although it is still open for debate, there are suggestions that chaplaincy, as a function in the military, can be traced in the Old Testament. Consider the battle of the Israelites and the Amalekites. We will write a custom essay sample on Chpl 500 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The children of Israel experienced victory as long Moses held his hands up in Prayer to God. Another example that is discussed in the book deals with the Priests who carried the Ark of the Covenant in some of the battles the Israelites were engaged in. Gideon is also looked at as playing the roles of a prophet, priest, and general. Doris Bergen is of the opinion that, â€Å"pointing to ancient precedents lends legitimacy and prestige to modern military chaplaincies, but it does not always accurately always reflect development in the past. The word chaplain as we know it today was coined from the Latin word capellanus which was derived from what Doris Bergen says was â€Å"the great royal relic of the patron saint of the Franks, the cappa. † But evidence of chaplains accompanying soldiers in battle was first noted with the Romans army in fifth century. Some of the duties that they performed involved caring for them by offering prayers and conducting mass. But an important aspe ct in the duties of the chaplain in those early days is best understood by a term Doris Bergen credits to Michael McCormick, which is, â€Å"liturgy of war. In liturgy of war, the chaplains â€Å"were not only part of an effort to achieve victory, they also represented a promise to warriors that their actions were just as good. † Some liturgical texts contain words uttered by soldiers in battle suggesting the influence of â€Å"religion. † The Roman soldiers were known to cry out loud, â€Å"Nobiscum, Deus! †-â€Å"God is with us! † The Frankish warriors on the other hand would, together with their king, march around their camp â€Å"in procession, singing kyries and responding to their assembled priests’ chants: To Lord Charles and his army of the Franks, long life and victory! with the proto-Romance refrain, â€Å"Tu lo juval! † â€Å"(O God) Help him. The liturgy of war reveals how those entrusted with the spiritual care of the soldier s were used and also how those soldiers were affected by the words of the religious men among them. Constantine is known to have claimed seeing a vision of the cross which was an indication of divine help. And if his soldiers were to paint the symbol of the cross on their shields then, victory would be granted. His victory over the Roman Empire begun what was to be the Christianization of the conquered territory. But it was during the rise of the Carolingian monarchy that seems to have changed the history of war rituals. Doris Bergen mentions three factors that contributed to this change. These were, interest in performance of liturgy, nature of warfare had changed and ambition of the new monarchy which believed that both their activities were divinely sanctioned and that the ruler bore personal responsibility for subjects’ minds and souls. The revival of liturgy credited to the Carolingians and the application of a different kind of warfare in the middle east by the warriors of the first crusade that resulted in great success, would later give birth to what Doris calls â€Å"A new kind of war, a crusade, and with it, the liturgical rites that appeared to have stood the warriors of God in such good stead. Swathed in the success of the conquest of Jerusalem, the future of the liturgy of war was assured. † How to cite Chpl 500, Essay examples

Eco Friendly Ganpati Essay Example For Students

Eco Friendly Ganpati Essay An eco-friendly Ganesh Utsav In recent times, Ganesh Utsav festivities in Pune have adapted to environmental concerns, says Rasika Dhavse. September 2004 Puneites are passionate about Lord Ganesh. The Ganesh Utsav (Ganesh festival) in Pune is marked by an emotion so intense that it almost resembles mass hysteria. During utsav days, the Lord becomes family, to be worshipped with utmost love and devotion, before he is tearfully bid adieu on the last day of Anant Chaturdashi. In addition to the celebration of the festival at the individual family level, the Sarvajanik (common) Ganesh Utsav sees the involvement of housing societies, commercial and social organizations, and the city as a whole. People throng to the public installations, not just to bow their heads in reverence, but also to check out the latest decorations and tableaux. The Sarvajanik Ganesh Utsav was spearheaded by Lokmanya Tilak during the British rule as a channel to create social awareness amongst the masses. We will write a custom essay on Eco Friendly Ganpati specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now What is unique to Pune is that the city works hard to ensure that the festival retains this socio-cultural identity along with its religious significance. Over the years, the Ganesh Utsav has held a mirror to society, with its tableaux reflecting current social themes such as AIDS, population control, the Kargil War, political farces, major sports events, and even 9/11! Hence, it comes as no surprise that gradually the festival has donned a distinct green look, in keeping with the burning issue of our times – environment. Pic: Punediary. com In the last four to five years, Puneites have become increasingly conscious of the impact of the Ganesh festival on the environment. Over time, it was noticed that on immersion, the plaster of Paris (PoP) as well as the chemical paints used in the making of the idols were polluting the Mula-Mutha rivers, which are the major sources of water supply to the city. Moreover, as the PoP does not dissolve easily, large and small idols surface in the waters days after the immersion. This is especially so for the large public idols, some of which are over 20 feet in height. Similarly, the flowers used in worship are also cast into the waters, resulting in clogging and decay. All this resulted in concerned citizens campaigning for eco-friendly immersions. Today, indiscriminate immersions of Ganesh idols in the city’s lakes and rivers have abated noticeably. The awareness campaigns by youth groups and environmental organizations have led to a change in mindset. Moroever, the Pune Municipal Corporation has also done its bit by constructing tanks and urging citizens to use those for immersion. Now, at the major immersion sites in the city, one can see these concrete or metal water tanks, huge bins, and bands of volunteers. The volunteers, including a significant percentage of schoolchildren, stand guard at the entrance to the immersion sites. As soon as a Ganesh idol is brought in, they request it to be handed over to them. These idols are then immersed in the tanks. Collection centers are set up at various locations in the city, and some local groups such as the Friends of Nature, the Andhashraddha Nirmulan Samiti (ANS) or the Anti-Superstition Committee, and the Friends Society also undertake collection campaigns. People are requested to donate their Ganesh idols to these volunteers, who then take them to the immersion tanks. Traditionally, the flower offerings or nirmalya made to the Lord during the daily prayer rituals are immersed along with the idol. This practice has also come under the surveillance of this eco-drive. The nirmalaya is collected separately in huge bins and later handed over to the agriculture department or similar organizations to be converted into organic fertilizers or used in vermiculture efforts. â€Å"But it hasn’t been easy,† says P Nanawaty of the ANS. Initially our efforts were met with strong resistence by local religious groups. Our workers were beaten up too. The idea of moving away from the traditional immersion in natural water bodies was not appreciated by many. We worked really hard to convince people that we have to do this in order to protect our waters and environment from the damage caused by synthetic paint colors. It was only over time th at people realised that the rivers were getting so polluted that after the festival, water could not be used for drinking in the villages ahead,† he continues. .u6a849b8bb6aba36e74ae4e056e854767 , .u6a849b8bb6aba36e74ae4e056e854767 .postImageUrl , .u6a849b8bb6aba36e74ae4e056e854767 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6a849b8bb6aba36e74ae4e056e854767 , .u6a849b8bb6aba36e74ae4e056e854767:hover , .u6a849b8bb6aba36e74ae4e056e854767:visited , .u6a849b8bb6aba36e74ae4e056e854767:active { border:0!important; } .u6a849b8bb6aba36e74ae4e056e854767 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6a849b8bb6aba36e74ae4e056e854767 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6a849b8bb6aba36e74ae4e056e854767:active , .u6a849b8bb6aba36e74ae4e056e854767:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6a849b8bb6aba36e74ae4e056e854767 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6a849b8bb6aba36e74ae4e056e854767 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6a849b8bb6aba36e74ae4e056e854767 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6a849b8bb6aba36e74ae4e056e854767 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6a849b8bb6aba36e74ae4e056e854767:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6a849b8bb6aba36e74ae4e056e854767 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6a849b8bb6aba36e74ae4e056e854767 .u6a849b8bb6aba36e74ae4e056e854767-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6a849b8bb6aba36e74ae4e056e854767:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Endangered Species EssayANS started its work with â€Å"Donate your Ganpati† campaigns in Kolhapur in 1997. These efforts were replicated in Pune and the neighbouring Pimpri-Chinchwad corporation from 1999 onwards. Last year, ANS collected over 35,000 idols across Maharasthra in its donation campaign. These days, many citizens also recycle their idols. They do a token immersion at home in buckets or tubs, and then keep the idol away to be used again the next year. Some others have completely stopped the usage of idols made of PoP or even clay, and switched to metal idols. Vijay Lakshman Bhade, a pensioner from Pune, is one of them. He says, â€Å"For years, we used PoP idols. However, we realized the adverse effects of such immersions on environment. Then a couple of years ago, we started using the tanks, and finally last year, we did a complete switch to a brass idol. In order to be true to tradition too, what we do is keep a betel-nut next to the idol as symbolic of the Lord and immerse that on the last day,† says Bhade, proud to have achieved a perfect blend of tradition and eco-awareness. The green revolution has spread to the very genesis of the Ganesh idols — the idol-making community living in Pen, about 80 kilometers from Mumbai. They are shifting back to using traditional clay instead of plaster. What’s more, the green revolution has spread to the very genesis of the Ganesh idols—the idol-making community living in Pen, about 80 kilometers from Mumbai. Idols made by the Pen craftspeople are considered to be aesthetically true to the Ganesh form, and are much sought after in Mumbai, Pune, Kolhapur, and even abroad. Traditionally, a variety of clay called shaadu would be used. But, though these clay idols are easily soluble in water, they are heavier, smaller, gray in color, not so intricate, and therefore less popular than their PoP counterparts. Hence, some makers had switched to PoP. However, with growing concerns about the environment, they are making the shift back to traditional clay. Also, there are now many who insist on clay idols. Take Shashank Mhasawade, a public relations professional, for example. He says, â€Å"We insist on a clay idol every year, even though the finesse and colors are not as grand as those of PoP clays. Also, my mother started the practice of doing the immersion in a bucket at home, and then watering the garden plants with that water. Moreover, we have done away with using thermacol for our decorations. We now just have a basic decor, in harmony with our traditions and the environment! † Those witnessing the Ganesh Utsav in Pune can discern this definite transformation in mindset and the consequent change in the celebrations. As many who have already leaped the chasm declare, tradition does not shackle you down. It evolves over time, giving you alternatives to preserve its sanctity as well as adapt to the changing environment. All you need is the determination—in this case, the determination to go green. ? Rasika Dhavse September 2004 Rasika Dhavse is a freelance journalist, and writes regularly for India Together.